2026 1д Медицина+Педіатрія (Eng)
Безкоштовний перегляд тестового буклета КРОК. Питань: 50.
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Питання 1
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: У 5-річної дитини розвинулися озноб, температура 39°C, збудження та блювання. Виявлено ригідність потилиці. На третій день після початку захворювання дитина померла. При розтині тіла виявлено потовщену, тьмяну, жовто-зелену м'яку мозкову оболонку. Мікроскопічно м'яка оболонка інфільтрована нейтрофільними лейкоцитами з деякою кількістю лімфоцитів і моноцитів. Яке захворювання виникло в дитини?
EN: A 5-year-old child developed chills, fever of 39°C, agitation, and vomiting. Nuchal rigidity was detected. On the third day after the onset, the child died. Autopsy of the body reveals thickened, dull, yellow-green pia mater. Microscopically, the pia mater was infiltrated by neutrophilic leukocytes with some lymphocytes and monocytes. What disease occurred in the child?
Варіанти (UA): Геморагічний менінгіт | Ішемічна енцефалопатія | Внутрішньомозкова геморагія | Інфаркт мозку | Гнійний менінгіт
Options (EN): Hemorrhagic meningitis | Ischemic encephalopathy | Intracerebral hemorrhage | Cerebral infarction | Purulent meningitis
Пояснення (UA): Клініка (лихоманка, ригідність потилиці) та патоморфологія (жовто-зелена м'яка оболонка з нейтрофільною інфільтрацією) типові для гнійного менінгіту. Гнійний (purulent) менінгіт характеризується гострим запаленням мозкових оболонок з домінуванням нейтрофілів.
Explanation (EN): The clinical picture (fever, nuchal rigidity) and pathology (yellow-green pia mater with neutrophilic infiltration) are typical of purulent meningitis. Purulent meningitis is characterized by acute inflammation of the meninges with predominant neutrophilic infiltration.
Питання 2
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Яка функція келихоподібних клітин у псевдобагатошаровому мерехтливому епітелії бронхів?
EN: What is the function of the goblet cells in the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium of the bronchi?
Варіанти (UA): Камбіальна функція | Скорочувальна функція | Залозиста функція | Опорна функція | Абсорбційна функція
Options (EN): Cambial function | Contractile function | Glandular function | Support function | Absorption function
Пояснення (UA): Кelihоподібні клітини бронхів секретують муцин (слиз), що забезпечує зволоження та захист слизової оболонки дихальних шляхів. Це залозиста (секреторна) функція.
Explanation (EN): Goblet cells of the bronchi secrete mucin (mucus), providing moisture and protection of the respiratory mucosa. This is a glandular (secretory) function.
Питання 3
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 26-річна жінка звернулася з підвищеним рівнем глюкози в крові, що свідчить про недостатню функціональну активність певних клітин підшлункової залози. Назвіть ці клітини.
EN: A 26-year-old woman presents with elevated blood glucose levels, which indicates insufficient functional activity of certain pancreatic cells. Name these cells.
Варіанти (UA): D1-клітини, що продукують вазоактивний поліпептид | δ-клітини, що продукують соматостатин | α-клітини, що продукують глюкагон | PP-клітини, що продукують поліпептид підшлункової залози | β-клітини, що продукують інсулін
Options (EN): D1 cells that produce vasoactive polypeptide | δ-cells that produce somatostatin | α-cells that produce glucagon | PP cells that produce pancreatic polypeptide | β-cells that produce insulin
Пояснення (UA): β-клітини острівців Лангерганса секретують інсулін, який знижує рівень глюкози в крові. Гіперглікемія при недостатній секреції інсуліну вказує на порушення функції β-клітин.
Explanation (EN): Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose. Hyperglycemia with insufficient insulin secretion indicates impaired beta cell function.
Питання 4
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 33-річний чоловік потрапив у ДТП і через кілька хвилин помер від гострої асфіксії. При розтині в правих камерах серця виявлено повітря. Який патологічний стан, найімовірніше, спричинив смерть пацієнта?
EN: A 33-year-old man was in a car accident and died of acute asphyxia a few minutes later. Autopsy reveals air in the right chambers of his heart. What pathological condition has likely caused the patient's death in this case?
Варіанти (UA): Жирова емболія | — | Тромбоемболія | Повітряна емболія | Емболія стороннім тілом
Options (EN): Fat embolism | - | Thromboembolism | Air embolism | Foreign body embolism
Пояснення (UA): Наявність повітря в камерах серця після травми характерна для повітряної емболії. Повітря потрапляє у венозне русло, блокує правий відділ серця та легеневий кровотік, спричиняючи гостру асфіксію.
Explanation (EN): The presence of air in the heart chambers after trauma is characteristic of air embolism. Air enters the venous system, obstructs the right heart and pulmonary circulation, causing acute asphyxia.
Питання 5
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: У 48-річної жінки через 5 хвилин після місцевої анестезії лідокаїном для видалення зуба розвинулася анафілактична реакція I типу. Який препарат є препаратом вибору для цього стану?
EN: A 48-year-old woman developed a type I anaphylactic reaction 5 minutes after receiving local anesthesia with lidocaine solution for tooth extraction. What is the drug of choice for this pathological condition?
Варіанти (UA): Метамізол натрію | Гепарин | Преднізолон | Омепразол | Еpinephrine
Options (EN): Metamizole sodium | Heparin | Prednisolone | Omeprazole | Epinephrine
Пояснення (UA): Анафілаксія I типу — гостра IgE-опосередкована алергічна реакція. Еpineфрин (адrenaline) — препарат першої лінії: викликає вазоконстрикцію, підвищує АТ, розширює дихальні шляхи та пригнічує дегрануляцію тучних клітин.
Explanation (EN): Type I anaphylaxis is an acute IgE-mediated allergic reaction. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line drug: it causes vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure, bronchodilation, and inhibits mast cell degranulation.
Питання 6
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Мікроскопічно паренхіма органу розділена на доліки шарами сполучної тканини. Кожен долик складається з кіркової речовини, яка темніше забарвлюється в гістологічних препаратах, та мозкової речовини, яка забарвлюється світліше і містить епітеліальні клітини. Який орган має такі морфологічні особливості?
EN: Microscopy shows that the parenchyma of an organ is divided into lobules by layers of connective tissue. Each lobule consists of a cortical substance that stains darker in histological preparations and a medullary substance that stains lighter and contains epithelial cells. What organ has such morphological features?
Варіанти (UA): Нирка | Печінка | Тимус | Лімфатичний вузол | Селезінка
Options (EN): Kidney | Liver | Thymus | Lymph node | Spleen
Пояснення (UA): Тимус має доліки з кірковою (темніше, щільніше) та мозковою (світліше, з епітеліальними ретикулярними клітинами) речовиною. Ця структура відрізняє його від інших лімфоїдних органів.
Explanation (EN): The thymus has lobules with cortical (darker, denser) and medullary (lighter, with epithelial reticular cells) substances. This structure distinguishes it from other lymphoid organs.
Питання 7
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: При розтині тіла чоловіка, який помер від хронічної сепсії, виявлено атрофію скелетних м'язів та буру атрофію міокарда і печінки. Який пігмент, найімовірніше, накопичився в організмі?
EN: Autopsy of the body of a man who died of chroniosepsis reveals skeletal muscle atrophy and brown atrophy of the myocardium and liver. What pigment has likely accumulated in the body?
Варіанти (UA): Меланін | Гемомеланін | Гемосидерин | Ліпохром | Ліпофuscin
Options (EN): Melanin | Hemomelanin | Hemosiderin | Lipochrome | Lipofuscin
Пояснення (UA): Ліпофuscin («пігment старіння») накопичується в довгоживучих клітинах при хронічних захворюваннях та атрофії (бура атрофія міокарда, печінки). Це продукт перокsidного окислення ліпідів і білків.
Explanation (EN): Lipofuscin ("age pigment") accumulates in long-lived cells during chronic disease and atrophy (brown atrophy of myocardium, liver). It is a product of lipid and protein peroxidation.
Питання 8
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: При обстеженні пацієнта встановлено, що пухлина подразнює певне ядро, розташоване в довгастому мозку. Це ядро спільне для черепних нервів IX, X та XI. Назвіть це ядро.
EN: Examination of a patient has determined that the tumor irritates a certain nucleus, located in the medulla oblongata. This nucleus is common for the cranial nerves IX, X, and XI. Name this nucleus.
Варіанти (UA): Nucleus ambiguus | Nucleus tractus solitarii | Nucleus accessorius | Nucleus motorius n. trigemini | Nucleus salivatorius inferior
Options (EN): Nucleus ambiguus | Nucleus tractus solitarii | Nucleus accessorius | Nucleus motorius n. trigemini | Nucleus salivatorius inferior
Пояснення (UA): Nucleus ambiguus (двозначне ядро) — моторне ядро довгастого мозку, що інervує м'язи глотки, гортані та м'яке піднебіння через черепні нерви IX ( glossopharyngeal), X (vagus) та XI (accessory).
Explanation (EN): The nucleus ambiguus is a motor nucleus of the medulla oblongata that innervates pharyngeal, laryngeal, and soft palate muscles via cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory).
Питання 9
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: У хлопчика виявлено вроджену пахову грижу. Яка оболонка яєчка деформована в цьому разі, спричиняючи цей патологічний стан?
EN: A boy has a congenital inguinal hernia. What testicular membrane is malformed in this case, causing this pathological condition?
Варіанти (UA): Fascia spermatica externa | Tunica dartos | Fascia spermatica interna | Tunica vaginalis testis | Fascia cremasterica
Options (EN): Fascia spermatica externa | Tunica dartos | Fascia spermatica interna | Tunica vaginalis testis | Fascia cremasterica
Пояснення (UA): Вроджена пахова грижа виникає через незакриття процесуса vaginalis (випинання tunica vaginalis testis у паховий канал). Це найчастіша вроджена грижа у хлопчиків.
Explanation (EN): Congenital inguinal hernia occurs due to failure of closure of the processus vaginalis (protrusion of tunica vaginalis testis into the inguinal canal). It is the most common congenital hernia in boys.
Питання 10
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: При розтині тіла 49-річної жінки, яка мала пневмонію, набуту поза лікарнею, і померла від пневмококової сепсії, у лівій плевральній порожнині виявлено до 700 мл каламутної, з неприємним запахом, зеленувато-жовтої рідини. Плевральні листки тьмяні та гіперемовані. Який патологічний процес відбувся в плевральній порожнині?
EN: Autopsy of the body of a 49-year-old woman, who had community-acquired pneumonia and died of pneumococcal sepsis, revealed up to 700 mL of turbid foul-smelling greenish-yellow fluid in the left pleural cavity. The pleural layers are dull and plethoric. What pathological process occurred in the pleural cavity of the deceased woman?
Варіанти (UA): Флегмона | Хронічний абсcess | Гострий абсcess | Фibrinозне запалення | Еmpієма
Options (EN): Phlegmon | Chronic abscess | Acute abscess | Fibrinous inflammation | Empyema
Пояснення (UA): Empyema (плевритичний empyema) — накопичення гною в плевральній порожнині. Каламутна зеленувато-жовта рідина з неприємним запахом при pneumococcal sepsis типова для гнійного плевриту.
Explanation (EN): Empyema (pleural empyema) is accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Turbid greenish-yellow foul-smelling fluid with pneumococcal sepsis is typical of purulent pleuritis.
Питання 11
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 26-річному чоловіку діагностовано анемію на тлі хронічного гастриту з дефіцитом внутрішнього фактору Кastle. Який тип анемії найімовірніший у цього пацієнта?
EN: A 26-year-old man has been diagnosed with anemia against the background of chronic gastritis with deficiency of intrinsic Castle factor. What type of anemia is most likely in this patient?
Варіанти (UA): Гіпопластична анемія | Залізодефіцитна анемія | B12- та фолієводефіцитна анемія | Таласемія | Хронічна постгеморагічна анемія
Options (EN): Hypoplastic anemia | Iron deficiency anemia | B12 and folate deficiency anemia | Thalassemia | Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia
Пояснення (UA): Внутрішній фактор Кastle (IF) виробляється парієtальними клітинами і необхідний для всмоктування вітаміну B12. Його дефіцит при хронічному gastritі спричиняє megaloblastic (B12-deficiency) anemia.
Explanation (EN): Intrinsic Castle factor (IF) is produced by parietal cells and is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption. Its deficiency in chronic gastritis causes megaloblastic (B12-deficiency) anemia.
Питання 12
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Який апатит складає більшість кристалічної фази мінeralного компонента твердих зубних тканин?
EN: What apatite makes up the majority of the crystalline phase in the mineral component of hard dental tissues?
Варіанти (UA): Гідроксиапатит | Хлorapatite | Карбонатний апатит | Фторapatite | Стронцієвий апатит
Options (EN): Hydroxyapatite | Chlorapatite | Carbonate apatite | Fluorapatite | Strontium apatite
Пояснення (UA): Гідroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ — основний мінeral enamel та dentin (≈96% мінeral phase enamel). Fluorapatite утворюється при достатній fluoridation, але природно переважає hydroxyapatite.
Explanation (EN): Hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ is the main mineral of enamel and dentin (~96% of enamel mineral phase). Fluorapatite forms with adequate fluoridation, but hydroxyapatite naturally predominates.
Питання 13
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Що відбувається при зниженні артеріального тиску та зменшенні стимуляції барорецепторів і рецепторів об'єму передсердь?
EN: What happens when blood pressure and stimulation of baroreceptors and atrial volume receptors are decreased?
Варіанти (UA): Підвищення продукції передсердного натрійуретичного пептиду | Вазodilatation судин системного опору | Зниження продукції реніну в юкстaglomerular cells | Зниження продукції альdosterone | Активація надзорових ядер гіпothalamus та продукція вазopressin
Options (EN): Increased production of atrial natriuretic peptide | Vasodilation of the systemic resistance vessels | Reduced production of renin in juxtaglomerular cells | Reduced production of aldosterone | Activation of the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei and production of vasopressin
Пояснення (UA): При зниженні АТ baroreceptors зменшують inhibitory вплив на hypothalamus. Supraoptic та paraventricular nuclei активуються, збільшуючи secretion vasopressin (ADH), що спричиняє water retention та vasoconstriction.
Explanation (EN): When blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors reduce inhibitory influence on the hypothalamus. Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei activate, increasing vasopressin (ADH) secretion, causing water retention and vasoconstriction.
Питання 14
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Обмін цих двох амінokисlot тісно пов'язаний з обміном похідних фолієвої кислоти. Назвіть ці амінokисlotи.
EN: The metabolism of these two amino acids is closely connected to the metabolism of folic acid derivatives. Name these amino acids.
Варіанти (UA): Фenilalanin та tyrosine | Serine та glycine | Cysteine та methionine | Glutamate та aspartate | Tyrosine та dihydroxyphenylalanine
Options (EN): Phenylalanine, tyrosine | Serine, glycine | Cysteine, methionine | Glutamate, aspartate | Tyrosine, dihydroxyphenylalanine
Пояснення (UA): Serine та glycine беруть участь у one-carbon metabolism через tetrahydrofolate (THF) cofactors. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion serine → glycine з transfer one-carbon unit to THF.
Explanation (EN): Serine and glycine participate in one-carbon metabolism via tetrahydrofolate (THF) cofactors. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion of serine to glycine with transfer of a one-carbon unit to THF.
Питання 15
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Через яку анatomical area лобова пазуха відкривається через решітчасту кістку?
EN: Into what anatomical area does the frontal sinus open through the ethmoid bone?
Варіанти (UA): Хоани | Нижній носовий хід | Середній носовий хід | Верхній носовий хід | Підскронова ямка
Options (EN): Choanae | Inferior nasal meatus | Middle nasal meatus | Superior nasal meatus | Infratemporal fossa
Пояснення (UA): Frontal sinus drains через frontonasal duct у middle nasal meatus (середній носовий хід), lateral to ethmoid bulla. Це важливо для spread infections до paranasal sinuses.
Explanation (EN): The frontal sinus drains via the frontonasal duct into the middle nasal meatus, lateral to the ethmoid bulla. This is important for spread of infections to paranasal sinuses.
Питання 16
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: На гistological preparation стінки тонкої кишки на дні крипт згруповані клітини. Apical part містить великі acidophilic secretory granules. Cytoplasm basophilic. Назвіть ці клітини.
EN: A histological preparation of the wall of the small intestine shows grouped cells at the bottom of the crypts. The apical part of these cells contains large acidophilic secretory granules. The cytoplasm is basophilic. Name these cells.
Варіанти (UA): Кelihопodібні клітини | Prismatic cells with brush border | Endocrine cells | Cells without brush border | Клітини Paneth
Options (EN): Goblet cells | Columnar cells with a brush border | Endocrine cells | Cells without a brush border | Paneth cells
Пояснення (UA): Paneth cells — at crypt bottom, contain eosinophilic (acidophilic) granules з lysozyme, defensins, та other antimicrobial peptides. Basophilic cytoplasm reflects abundant rough ER.
Explanation (EN): Paneth cells at the crypt bottom contain eosinophilic (acidophilic) granules with lysozyme, defensins, and other antimicrobial peptides. Basophilic cytoplasm reflects abundant rough ER.
Питання 17
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Які типи клітин беруть участь у первинній презентації antigens T-lymphocytes?
EN: What types of cells take part in the initial presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes?
Варіанти (UA): Mast cells, band neutrophils | Plasma cells, basophils | Segmented neutrophils, eosinophils | NK cells, plasma cells | Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes
Options (EN): Mast cells, band neutrophils | Plasma cells, basophils | Segmented neutrophils, eosinophils | NK cells, plasma cells | Dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
Пояснення (UA): Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs): dendritic cells (most potent), macrophages, та B lymphocytes. Вони express MHC class II і present processed antigens to CD4+ T helper cells.
Explanation (EN): Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs): dendritic cells (most potent), macrophages, and B lymphocytes. They express MHC class II and present processed antigens to CD4+ T helper cells.
Питання 18
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 65-річному чоловіку з діагнозом гостра серцева недостатність потрібно призначити петльовий діуретик як компонент комплексного лікування. Який препарат слід призначити цьому пацієнту?
EN: A 65-year-old man diagnosed with acute heart failure needs to be prescribed a loop diuretic as a component of his complex treatment. What drug should be prescribed to this patient?
Варіанти (UA): Гіпотиазид (гідрохлортиазид) | Манітол | Фуросемід | Спironolactone | Ацетазоламід
Options (EN): Hypothiazide (Hydrochlorothiazide) | Mannitol | Furosemide | Spironolactone | Acetazolamide
Пояснення (UA): Фуросемід — петльовий діуретик, що блокує Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻-котранспортер у товстому сходинчастому канальці. Він швидко зменшує об'єм циркулюючої крові та навантаження на серце при гострій серцевій недостатності.
Explanation (EN): Furosemide is a loop diuretic that blocks the Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. It rapidly reduces circulating volume and cardiac preload in acute heart failure.
Питання 19
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 35-річній жінці під час повного аліментарного голодування (з водою) розвинулися генералізовані набряки. Який патогенетичний фактор є основним у цьому випадку?
EN: A 35-year-old woman developed generalized edema during complete alimentary fasting (with water). What pathogenetic factor is the main one in this case?
Варіанти (UA): Зниження осмотичного тиску плазми крові | Підвищення онкотичного тиску позаклітинної рідини | Зниження гідростатичного тиску позаклітинної рідини | Підвищення осмотичного тиску позаклітинної рідини | Зниження онкотичного тиску плазми крові
Options (EN): Decreased blood plasma osmotic pressure | Increased oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid | Decreased hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid | Increased osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid | Decreased blood plasma oncotic pressure
Пояснення (UA): При голодуванні знижується синтез альбумінів, що зменшує онкотичний тиск плазми. Вода переходить у інтерstitium, спричиняючи генералізовані набряки.
Explanation (EN): During fasting, albumin synthesis decreases, reducing plasma oncotic pressure. Fluid shifts into the interstitium, causing generalized edema.
Питання 20
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Який кислотно-лужний дисбаланс можна спостерігати у пацієнтів з накопиченням кетонових тіл у сироватці крові?
EN: What acid-base imbalance can be observed in patients with accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum?
Варіанти (UA): Метаболічний ацидоз | Респіраторний алкалоз | Респіраторний ацидоз | Метаболічний алкалоз | Змішаний алкалоз
Options (EN): Metabolic acidosis | Respiratory alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis | Metabolic alkalosis | Mixed alkalosis
Пояснення (UA): Кетонові тіла (β-гідроксибутират, ацетоацетат) — органічні кислоти. Їх накопичення знижує pH крові, формуючи високоаніонний метаболічний ацидоз.
Explanation (EN): Ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate) are organic acids. Their accumulation lowers blood pH, producing a high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis.
Питання 21
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 25-річній жінці з діагнозом пневмонія госпіталізовано до терапевтичного відділення. За анамнезом захворювання розвинулося гостро, протягом двох днів спостерігалася температура 39°C, озноб, слабкість і сухий кашель. Який медіатор запалення має властивості ендогенного пірогену?
EN: A 25-year-old woman diagnosed with pneumonia has been hospitalized into the therapy unit of a hospital. According to the patient's medical history, the disease onset was acute, with fever of 39°C observed for two days in a row, chills, weakness, and dry cough. What inflammatory modulator has the properties of an endogenous pyrogen?
Варіанти (UA): Інтерлейкін-1 | Брадикінін | Тромбоксан A2 | Сертонін | Гістамін
Options (EN): Interleukin-1 | Bradykinin | Thromboxane A2 | Serotonin | Histamine
Пояснення (UA): Інтерлейкін-1 — цитокін, що стимулує гіпоталамус підвищувати температуру тіла і є класичним ендогенним пірогеном при інфекційному запаленні.
Explanation (EN): Interleukin-1 is a cytokine that stimulates the hypothalamus to raise body temperature and is a classic endogenous pyrogen in infectious inflammation.
Питання 22
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Фтизіатр призначив пацієнту з туберкульозом напівсинтетичний антибіотик з бактерицидною дією на Mycobacterium tuberculosis через інгібування синтезу РНК. Лікар попередив, що слина, мокрота та сльоза можуть забарвлюватися в червоний колір. Який препарат призначено?
EN: A phthisiologist has prescribed a semi-synthetic antibiotic to a patient with tuberculosis. This drug has a bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, because it inhibits RNA synthesis. However, the doctor has warned the patient that his saliva, sputum, and tear fluid may color red as a result. What drug has been prescribed by the doctor?
Варіанти (UA): Фтивазид | Ломефлоксацин | Ізоніазид | Етамбутол | Рифampicin
Options (EN): Ftivazide | Lomefloxacin | Isoniazid | Ethambutol | Rifampicin
Пояснення (UA): Рifampicin інгібує бактеріальну ДНК-залежну РНК-полімеразу і має характерне побічне забарвлення біологічних рідин у червоно-пomaranchevyi колір.
Explanation (EN): Rifampicin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and characteristically causes red-orange discoloration of body fluids.
Питання 23
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 35-річний чоловік звернувся до гастроентеролога зі скаргами на відрижку, відчуття переповнення шлунка, нудоту, зниження апетиту та нічний epigastric pain. Лікар підозрює виразку шлунка, спричинену H. pylori. Яке швидке неінвазивне діагностичне дослідження слід призначити для підтвердження діагнозу?
EN: 35-year-old man came to a gastroenterologist with complaints of belching, a feeling of overfilled stomach, nausea, lack of appetite, and nocturnal epigastric pain. The doctor suspects a gastric ulcer caused by H. pylori invasion. What rapid noninvasive diagnostic test should the patient be referred for, to confirm the diagnosis?
Варіанти (UA): Полімеразна ланцюгова реакція | Швидкий urease test | Реакція зв'язування компlementу | Urease activity of H. pylori in smears from the gastric biopsy material | Ферmentний imunoassay
Options (EN): Polymerase chain reaction | Rapid urease test | Complement fixation test | Urease activity of H. pylori in smears from the gastric biopsy material | Enzyme immunoassay
Пояснення (UA): Ферmentний imunoassay (ELISA) на антитіла або антиген H. pylori у крові чи калі — неінвазивний скрiningовий метод при підозрі на Helicobacter-асоційовану виразку.
Explanation (EN): Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for H. pylori antibodies or antigen in blood or stool is a noninvasive screening method when Helicobacter-associated ulcer is suspected.
Питання 24
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 54-річний чоловік має збільшені надключичні лімфовузли зліва. Під час діагностики один лімфовузол видалили для гістології. Виявлено карциному з клітинами у вигляді перстня. Яка найімовірніша локалізація первинної пухлини?
EN: A 54-year-old man presents with enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes on the left. For diagnostic purposes, one of the lymph nodes was removed for histological examination. Signet ring cell carcinoma was detected. What is the most likely location of the primary tumor in this case?
Варіанти (UA): Товстий кишечник | Шлунок | Стравохід | Легені | Щитоподібна залоза
Options (EN): Large intestine | Stomach | Esophagus | Lungs | Thyroid gland
Пояснення (UA): Карцинома з клітинами-персонками (signet ring cells) найчастіше походить зі шлунка і часто метастазує до лівого надключичного (Virchow) лімфовузла.
Explanation (EN): Signet ring cell carcinoma most commonly originates from the stomach and frequently metastasizes to the left supraclavicular (Virchow) lymph node.
Питання 25
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Існують дві різні форми синдрому Дауна: трисомія та транslokація. Який метод дозволяє їх розрізнити?
EN: There are two different forms of Down syndrome: trisomy and translocation. What method can be used to tell apart these two forms?
Варіанти (UA): Метод близнюків | Біохімія | Генеalogія | Популяційна статистика | Цитogenetics
Options (EN): Twin method | Biochemistry | Genealogy | Population statistics | Cytogenetics
Пояснення (UA): Цитogenetic analysis (кaryotyping) виявляє трисомію 21 хромосоми або translocation форму синдрому Дауна, що неможливо надійно розрізнити клінічно.
Explanation (EN): Cytogenetic analysis (karyotyping) detects trisomy 21 or the translocation form of Down syndrome, which cannot be reliably distinguished clinically.
Питання 26
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 20-річній жінці діагностовано СНІД. Яка популяція клітин найбільш чутлива до вірусу іmunodeficiency людини?
EN: A 20-year-old woman has been diagnosed with AIDS. What cell population is the most susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus?
Варіанти (UA): Гepatocytes | B-лімфоцити | Ендотеліоцити | Епітеліоцити | T-helper cells
Options (EN): Hepatocytes | B-lymphocytes | Endotheliocytes | Epitheliocytes | T-helper cells
Пояснення (UA): HIV інфікує CD4⁺ T-helper lymphocytes, що призводить до imunodeficiency та вторинних інфекцій.
Explanation (EN): HIV infects CD4⁺ T-helper lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency and secondary infections.
Питання 27
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Органofosфорні сполуки (highly toxic nerve agents) інгібують ацетilcholinesterase, утворюючи кovalent bonds з OH-групами serine в active site ферmentу. Який тип інгібування характерний для цієї класу сполук?
EN: Organophosphorus compounds (highly toxic nerve agents) inhibit acetylcholinesterase by forming covalent bonds with the OH groups of serine in the active site of the enzyme. What type of inhibition is characteristic of this class of compounds?
Варіанти (UA): Reversible inhibition | Non-competitive inhibition | Irreversible inhibition | Competitive inhibition | Retroinhibition
Options (EN): Reversible inhibition | Non-competitive inhibition | Irreversible inhibition | Competitive inhibition | Retroinhibition
Пояснення (UA): Covalent modification серine в active site ацетilcholinesterase не reversibly блокує фермент — це irreversible (suicide) inhibition.
Explanation (EN): Covalent modification of serine in the acetylcholinesterase active site irreversibly blocks the enzyme — this is irreversible inhibition.
Питання 28
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 38-річного чоловіка госпitalізовано з отруєнням anticholinesterase insecticide. Який muscarinic antagonist слід призначити?
EN: A 38-year-old man was admitted to the emergency unit of a hospital with poisoning caused by an anticholinesterase insecticide. What muscarinic antagonist should be prescribed in this case?
Варіанти (UA): Chlorpromazine | Pilocarpine hydrochloride | Atropine sulfate | Benzohexonium | Suxamethonium
Options (EN): Chlorpromazine | Pilocarpine hydrochloride | Atropine sulfate | Benzohexonium | Suxamethonium
Пояснення (UA): Atropine sulfate блокує muscarinic receptors і усуває cholinergic crisis при organophosphate poisoning.
Explanation (EN): Atropine sulfate blocks muscarinic receptors and relieves cholinergic crisis in organophosphate poisoning.
Питання 29
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: При достатньому збільшенні вивчають морфологію autosomes людини. S-фаза клітини була нормальною. Скільки chromatids матиме одна хромосома на metaphase mitosis?
EN: The morphology of normal human autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) is being studied at sufficient magnification. The S-phase in the cell was normal. How many chromatids will one chromosome have at the metaphase stage of mitosis?
Варіанти (UA): One | Forty-six | Four | Two | Forty-four
Options (EN): One | Forty-six | Four | Two | Forty-four
Пояснення (UA): Після replication в S-фазі кожна хромосома складається з двох sister chromatids, з'єднаних centromere, що видно на metaphase.
Explanation (EN): After replication in S phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere, visible at metaphase.
Питання 30
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: У пацієнта виявлено накопичення sphingomyelins у lysosomes печінки, селезінки, легень, кісткового мозку та мозку через дефіцит sphingomyelinase. Яка патологія найімовірніша?
EN: Examination of a patient detects accumulation of sphingomyelins in the cell lysosomes of the patient's liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow, and brain, caused by the lack of sphingomyelinase enzyme. What pathology is most likely in this patient?
Варіанти (UA): Tay-Sachs disease | Gaucher disease | Sandhoff disease | Krabbe disease | Niemann-Pick disease
Options (EN): Tay-Sachs disease | Gaucher disease | Sandhoff disease | Krabbe disease | Niemann-Pick disease
Пояснення (UA): Niemann-Pick disease type A/B спричинена дефіцитом sphingomyelinase з накопиченням sphingomyelin у lysosomes multiple organs.
Explanation (EN): Niemann-Pick disease type A/B is caused by sphingomyelinase deficiency with sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosomes of multiple organs.
Питання 31
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 25-річній жінці з діагнозом myasthenia gravis невролог призначив препарат для покращення м'язової функції. Після введення з'явилися підвищена секреція слинних залоз, сльозотеча, потіння та діарея. Який препарат призначено?
EN: A 25-year-old woman diagnosed with myasthenia gravis was prescribed a drug by a neurologist to improve her muscle function. Administering of the drug was accompanied by increased salivary gland secretion, lacrimation, sweating, and diarrhea. What drug was prescribed by the doctor in this case?
Варіанти (UA): Atorvastatin | Neostigmine | Pilocarpine | Epinephrine | Atropine
Options (EN): Atorvastatin | Neostigmine | Pilocarpine | Epinephrine | Atropine
Пояснення (UA): Neostigmine — anticholinesterase, що підвищує acetylcholine на neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis) і стимулює muscarinic effects.
Explanation (EN): Neostigmine is an anticholinesterase that increases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis) and stimulates muscarinic effects.
Питання 32
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 25-річного чоловіка госпitalізовано з open fracture плеча, severe bleeding і ушкodженням судини, що проходить поруч із radial nerve у каналі плеча. Яка судина найімовірніше ушкodжена?
EN: A 25-year-old man has been hospitalized to the trauma unit with an open fracture of the humerus, severe bleeding, and damage to the blood vessel that runs alongside the radial nerve in the canal on the shoulder. What vessel has most likely been damaged in this case?
Варіанти (UA): A. profunda brachii | A. circumflexa humeri anterior | A. circumflexa scapulae | A. circumflexa humeri posterior | A. brachialis
Options (EN): A. profunda brachii | A. circumflexa humeri anterior | A. circumflexa scapulae | A. circumflexa humeri posterior | A. brachialis
Пояснення (UA): A. profunda brachii проходить у radial groove разом із n. radialis і часто ушкodжується при переломах плеча.
Explanation (EN): The profunda brachii artery runs in the radial groove together with the radial nerve and is often injured in humeral fractures.
Питання 33
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Під час intrauterine development у плода функціонує великий arterial duct (ductus Botalli). Після народження він перетворюється на ligamentum arteriosum. Що він з'єднує?
EN: At the intrauterine stage of development, a large arterial duct (ductus Botalli) functions in the vascular system of the fetus. After birth, this duct transforms into the ligamentum arteriosum. What does it connect?
Варіанти (UA): Pulmonary trunk and aorta | Pulmonary trunk and superior vena cava | Aorta and inferior vena cava | Aorta and superior vena cava | Right and left atria
Options (EN): Pulmonary trunk and aorta | Pulmonary trunk and superior vena cava | Aorta and inferior vena cava | Aorta and superior vena cava | Right and left atria
Пояснення (UA): Ductus arteriosus (Botalli) з'єднує легеневий trunk і descending aorta, обходячи fetal pulmonary circulation.
Explanation (EN): The ductus arteriosus (Botalli) connects the pulmonary trunk and descending aorta, bypassing fetal pulmonary circulation.
Питання 34
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Який параметр визначає швидкість проведення возбуждення по nerve fibers?
EN: What parameter determines the speed of excitation conduction through nerve fibers?
Варіанти (UA): Localization of the neuron body | Number of synaptic connections | Stimulus intensity | Fiber thickness | Fiber length
Options (EN): Localization of the neuron body | Number of synaptic connections | Stimulus intensity | Fiber thickness | Fiber length
Пояснення (UA): Швидкість проведення зростає з diameter nerve fiber (myelination); thicker fibers conduct faster.
Explanation (EN): Conduction velocity increases with nerve fiber diameter (myelination); thicker fibers conduct faster.
Питання 35
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Які іони беруть участь у reabsorption глюкози в просимальному відділі renal tubule?
EN: What ions take part in the reabsorption of glucose in the lumen of the renal tubule in its proximal part?
Варіанти (UA): Calcium ions | Hydrogen ions | Chlorine ions | Sodium ions | Potassium ions
Options (EN): Calcium ions | Hydrogen ions | Chlorine ions | Sodium ions | Potassium ions
Пояснення (UA): Glucose reabsorption у proximal tubule — secondary active transport через SGLT2, coupled із Na⁺ influx.
Explanation (EN): Glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule occurs via secondary active transport through SGLT2, coupled with Na⁺ influx.
Питання 36
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Пацієнту діагностовано classical hemophilia A. Який factor дефіцитний у цьому випадку?
EN: A patient has been diagnosed with classical hemophilia A. What factor is deficient in this case, causing this pathology?
Варіанти (UA): VIII | IX | V, X | XII | I, II
Options (EN): VIII | IX | V, X | XII | I, II
Пояснення (UA): Hemophilia A — X-linked deficiency factor VIII, що порушує intrinsic coagulation pathway.
Explanation (EN): Hemophilia A is an X-linked factor VIII deficiency that disrupts the intrinsic coagulation pathway.
Питання 37
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Geneticist визначив, що вагітна жінка має monozygotic twins. Який процес призвів до розвитку близнюків?
EN: A geneticist examined a pregnant woman and determined that she has monozygotic twins. What process has resulted in the development of twins?
Варіанти (UA): Fragmentation | Budding | Schizogony | Endogony | Polyembryony
Options (EN): Fragmentation | Budding | Schizogony | Endogony | Polyembryony
Пояснення (UA): Monozygotic (identical) twins утворюються при division одного zygote (polyembryony), на відміну від dizygotic twins.
Explanation (EN): Monozygotic (identical) twins form by division of a single zygote (polyembryony), unlike dizygotic twins.
Питання 38
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: У 46-річного чоловіка діагностовано атрофію латеральної прямої м'язи ока. Який нерв, найімовірніше, уражений у цьому випадку?
EN: A 46-year-old man has been diagnosed with atrophy of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. What nerve is most likely to be damaged in this case?
Варіанти (UA): N. oculomotorius | N. trochlearis | N. facialis | N. trigeminus | N. abducens
Options (EN): N. oculomotorius | N. trochlearis | N. facialis | N. trigeminus | N. abducens
Пояснення (UA): Латеральна пряма м'яз (m. rectus lateralis) іннervується VI парою черепних нервів — n. abducens. Пошкодження цього нерва призводить до паралічу відведення ока та атрофії відповідного м'яза.
Explanation (EN): The lateral rectus muscle (m. rectus lateralis) is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI). Damage to this nerve causes paralysis of eye abduction and atrophy of the corresponding muscle.
Питання 39
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: 36-річна жінка звернулася до алерголога зі скаргами на риніт, що посилюється навесні під час цвітіння. Діагностовано алергічний риніт. Які зміни будуть спостерігатися в лейкоцитарній формулі при цій патології?
EN: A 36-year-old woman came to an allergologist with complaints of rhinitis that intensifies in the spring during the flowering period. She has been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. What changes will be observed in her leukocyte formula in this pathological condition?
Варіанти (UA): Лімфоцитоз | Лімфопенія | Зсув формули вліво | Еозинофілія | Еозинопенія
Options (EN): Lymphocytosis | Lymphopenia | Left shift of the formula | Eosinophilia | Eosinopenia
Пояснення (UA): Алергічні реакції IgE-опосередкованого типу супроводжуються еозинофілією в периферичній крові та тканинах. Еозинофіли беруть участь у алергічному запаленні слизових оболонок дихальних шляхів.
Explanation (EN): IgE-mediated allergic reactions are accompanied by eosinophilia in peripheral blood and tissues. Eosinophils participate in allergic inflammation of the respiratory mucosa.
Питання 40
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Внаслідок тривалого перебування людини в горах на висоті 1000 м над рівнем моря підвищилася киснева ємність крові. Це явище спостерігається через підвищене утворення певної речовини. Назвіть цю речовину.
EN: As a result of a person's prolonged stay in the mountains at the altitude of 1000 m above sea level, the oxygen capacity of this person's blood has increased. This phenomenon is observed due to the increased formation of a certain substance. Name this substance.
Варіанти (UA): Еритропоєтин | Катехоламіни | Карбоксигемоглобін | 2,3-Дифосфогліцерат | Кarbгемоглобін
Options (EN): Erythropoietin | Catecholamines | Carboxyhemoglobin | 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate | Carbhemoglobin
Пояснення (UA): Гіпоксія на висоті стимулює нирки до синтезу еритропоєтину, який активує еритропоез у кістковому мозку. Зростання кількості еритроцитів підвищує кисневу ємність крові.
Explanation (EN): Altitude hypoxia stimulates renal erythropoietin synthesis, which activates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. Increased red blood cell mass raises blood oxygen capacity.
Питання 41
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal's theory come to be known as?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal's theory come to be known as?
Варіанти (UA): Neuron doctrine | Network hypothesis | Reticular theory | Cell theory
Options (EN): Neuron doctrine | Network hypothesis | Reticular theory | Cell theory
Пояснення (UA): Сantiago Ramón y Cajal довів, що нервова система складається з окремих нейронів, які контактують між собою, але не зливаються в єдину мережу. Ця концепція отримала назву «нейронна доктрина» (neuron doctrine) і стала фундаментом сучасної нейробіології.
Explanation (EN): Santiago Ramón y Cajal demonstrated that the nervous system consists of individual neurons that contact each other but do not fuse into a single network. This concept became known as the neuron doctrine and forms the foundation of modern neurobiology.
Питання 42
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Choose the correct statement.
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Choose the correct statement.
Варіанти (UA): Otto Deiters invented the achromatic microscope | The cerebellum was linked to language processing by Paul Broca | The first anatomical proof of specific brain functions was provided by Camillo Golgi | Johann Purkinje detailed large neurons known as Purkinje cells
Options (EN): Otto Deiters invented the achromatic microscope | The cerebellum was linked to language processing by Paul Broca | The first anatomical proof of specific brain functions was provided by Camillo Golgi | Johann Purkinje detailed large neurons known as Purkinje cells
Пояснення (UA): Йоганн Пуркіньє описав великі нейрони мозочка, які носять його ім'я — клітини Пуркіньє. Інші твердження хибні: ахроматичний мікроскоп винайшов не Дайтерс, а мова пов'язана з ділянкою Брока, а не мозочком.
Explanation (EN): Johann Purkinje described large cerebellar neurons that bear his name — Purkinje cells. The other statements are incorrect: Deiters did not invent the achromatic microscope, and language is linked to Broca's area, not the cerebellum.
Питання 43
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Who was the first to describe a neuron in 1837?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Who was the first to describe a neuron in 1837?
Варіанти (UA): Paul Broca | Otto Deiters | Camillo Golgi | Johann Purkinje
Options (EN): Paul Broca | Otto Deiters | Camillo Golgi | Johann Purkinje
Пояснення (UA): Йоганн Пуркіньє у 1837 році описав великі нейрони мозочка. Хоча термін «нейрон» пізніше ввів Дайтерс (1865), саме Пуркіньє першим детально описав нейрональні клітини.
Explanation (EN): Johann Purkinje described large cerebellar neurons in 1837. Although the term "neuron" was later introduced by Deiters (1865), Purkinje was the first to describe neuronal cells in detail.
Питання 44
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What part of the brain did Paul Broca link to language processing?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What part of the brain did Paul Broca link to language processing?
Варіанти (UA): Hippocampus | Broca's area | Cerebellum | Olfactory lobe
Options (EN): Hippocampus | Broca's area | Cerebellum | Olfactory lobe
Пояснення (UA): Поль Брока у 1861 році встановив зв'язок між ураженням задньої частини нижньої лобової звивини лівої півкулі та втратою мови (моторна афазія). Ця ділянка отримала назву «ділянка Брока».
Explanation (EN): Paul Broca in 1861 established the link between damage to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere and loss of speech (motor aphasia). This area became known as Broca's area.
Питання 45
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Paul Broca linked memory loss to lesions in the hippocampus.
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Paul Broca linked memory loss to lesions in the hippocampus.
Варіанти (UA): False | Not given | True
Options (EN): False | Not given | True
Пояснення (UA): Поль Брока пов'язав порушення мови з ураженням нижньої лобової ділянки (ділянка Брока), а не гіпокампа. Гіпокамп пов'язаний з пам'яттю, але це не відкриття Брока.
Explanation (EN): Paul Broca linked speech impairment to damage of the inferior frontal area (Broca's area), not the hippocampus. The hippocampus is associated with memory, but this was not Broca's discovery.
Питання 46
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Which term describes the study of cells and tissues under a microscope?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Which term describes the study of cells and tissues under a microscope?
Варіанти (UA): Neurology | Anatomy | Histology | Cytology
Options (EN): Neurology | Anatomy | Histology | Cytology
Пояснення (UA): Гістологія — наука про будову тканин організму, що вивчається під мікроскопом. Цитологія вивчає окремі клітини, анатомія — макроскопічну будову, неврологія — нервову систему.
Explanation (EN): Histology is the science of tissue structure studied under a microscope. Cytology studies individual cells, anatomy studies macroscopic structure, and neurology studies the nervous system.
Питання 47
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What are the extensions of neurons that conduct messages to the cell called?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What are the extensions of neurons that conduct messages to the cell called?
Варіанти (UA): Reticulums | Synapses | Axons | Dendrites
Options (EN): Reticulums | Synapses | Axons | Dendrites
Пояснення (UA): Дендрити — короткі відростки нейрона, що проводять нервові імпульси до тіла клітини (соми). Аксони, навпаки, проводять імпульси від тіла клітини до інших нейронів або ефекторів.
Explanation (EN): Dendrites are short neuronal processes that conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body (soma). Axons, conversely, conduct impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or effectors.
Питання 48
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What technology in the 1950s helped to prove the neuron doctrine?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What technology in the 1950s helped to prove the neuron doctrine?
Варіанти (UA): Achromatic microscope | Electron microscope | Silver staining technique | X-ray imaging
Options (EN): Achromatic microscope | Electron microscope | Silver staining technique | X-ray imaging
Пояснення (UA): Електронний мікроскоп (1950-ті) дозволив побачити синаптичні контакти між окремими нейронами, що остаточно підтвердило нейронну доктрину Кахаля проти reticular theory Гольджі.
Explanation (EN): The electron microscope (1950s) allowed visualization of synaptic contacts between individual neurons, finally confirming Cajal's neuron doctrine against Golgi's reticular theory.
Питання 49
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Camillo Golgi's staining technique using silver nitrate was widely accepted without challenge.
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. Camillo Golgi's staining technique using silver nitrate was widely accepted without challenge.
Варіанти (UA): False | True | Not given
Options (EN): False | True | Not given
Пояснення (UA): У тексті не наведено інформації про те, чи була техніка фарбування Гольджі широко прийнята без заперечень. Насправді reticular theory Гольджі була оспорена Кахалем, але це не зазначено в твердженні.
Explanation (EN): The text does not provide information on whether Golgi's staining technique was widely accepted without challenge. In fact, Golgi's reticular theory was disputed by Cajal, but this is not stated in the assertion.
Питання 50
Окрема сторінка питання
UA: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What did Camillo Golgi propose about the structure of the brain?
EN: Age of the microscope In the early 19th century, better quality achromatic microscopes created the new field of histology - the microscopic study of cells and tissues - which led to a number of neurological revelations. Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje was the first to describe a neuron in 1837. He went on to detail particularly large neurons (now called Purkinje cells) with branching, thread-like extensions in the cerebellum. In 1863, German anatomist Otto Deiters described these extensions (later known as dendrites), which conduct messages to neurons, and also identified the cell's axons - thin fibres that conduct messages away from neurons. The first anatomical proof that different parts of the brain performed specific functions was presented in the early 1860s by French anatomist Paul Broca. He discovered that aphasia (the inability to understand and formulate language) was linked to lesions in part of the frontal lobe of the brain (later named Broca's area after conducting autopsies on recently deceased patients). During the 1870s, Italian biologist and pioneering neuroanatomist Camillo Golgi produced detailed descriptions of the spinal cord and the brain's olfactory lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In 1873, he invented a new staining technique using silver nitrate, which showed the intricate structure of neural cells on a microscope slide much more clearly. This was the second great technological enabler. Golgi went on to propose that the brain is made up of a single network (or reticulum) of nerve fibres, through which signals pass unimpeded. This reticular theory was challenged at the time by Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who argued that the nervous system is a collection of many individual, but interconnected, cells. Cajal's view came to be known as the "neuron doctrine". Supported by Sherrington, this theory was proved to be correct in the 1950s, when new electron microscopes were able to show the connections between cells. What did Camillo Golgi propose about the structure of the brain?
Варіанти (UA): The brain's structure is made entirely of neurons | The brain is composed of individual cells | The brain is a single network of interconnected nerve fibers | The brain functions as an independent organ without connections
Options (EN): The brain's structure is made entirely of neurons | The brain is composed of individual cells | The brain is a single network of interconnected nerve fibers | The brain functions as an independent organ without connections
Пояснення (UA): Camillo Golgi запропонував reticular theory — що мозок є єдиною мережею взаємопов'язаних нервових волокон, а не окремими нейронами. Цю теорію пізніше спростував Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
Explanation (EN): Camillo Golgi proposed the reticular theory — that the brain is a single network of interconnected nerve fibers rather than individual neurons. This theory was later refuted by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
