The Schola Medica Salernitana The Schola Medica Salernitana is the first formal medical teaching school emerged from the European Dark Ages in the 9th century CE in Salerno, southern Italy. It drew on influences from Islamic, Jewish, Greek, and Roman medicine. For four centuries, the reputation of this school, Schola Medica Salernitana, as a centre of teaching excellence was probably unrivalled in medieval Europe. Students, teachers, and those seeking medical treatment travelled long distances to reach Salerno. In 1099, for example, Robert II of Normandy travelled from northern France to receive medical attention. Salerno had the world's most extensive medical library, with texts by Islamic physicians al-Razi (854-925) and Ibn Sina (980-1037), and other texts from Montecassino reflecting the teachings of ancient Greece and Rome. The school provided thorough curriculum-based teaching, typically with three years of study followed by four years of hands-on training. Wоmen were welcomed as students and teachers at Salerno. In the early or mid-12th century, the most prominent of these was Trota (or Trocta), a physician, educator, and writer. Her specialities were gynaecology and midwifery, but she gave students a grounding in a range of diagnostic tools, including how to analyse urine, check pulse rates, and examine skin tone. Salerno's reputation peaked in the late 12th century, when Rogerius (c. 1140-95) became its most famous teacher and surgeon. His Practica Chirurgiae (Practice of Surgery) was considered a standard text for at least 300 years. Written in 1180, it was the first work to deal with treatments arranged anatomically, describing diagnoses and treatments for diseases and disorders of the head, neck, arms, chest, abdomen, and legs. Rogerius's pioneering work included methods for detecting tears in the cerebral membrane (the Valsalva manoeuvre) and realigning damaged tissues (reanastomosis). By the 12th century, other medical schools had been set up in Europe, including those at Montpellier in France, Bologna and Padua in Italy, Coimbra in Portugal, Vienna in Austria, and Heidelberg in Germany all modelled on Salerno. French surgeon Guy de Chauliac (c. 1300-68) studied at Montpellier and Bologna, and was appointed to the most prestigious position in Europe - personal physician to Pope Clement VI. Chauli- ac's Chirurgia Magna (Great/work on Surgery) covered an array of subjects, including anatomy, anaesthetics, bloodletting, drugs, fractures, and wounds. The seven-volume text was translated from Latin into many languages and became a new authority for surgeons until the 17th century, when new medical theories began to emerge. Who was Trota (or Trocta), noted for her contributions to medicine at Salerno?

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EN: Who was Trota (or Trocta), noted for her contributions to medicine at Salerno?

Варіанти відповідей

1. A physician specializing in gynaecology and midwifery
2. A famous surgeon
3. A prominent teacher of anatomy
4. A historian of medicine

Answer options (EN)

1. A physician specializing in gynaecology and midwifery
2. A famous surgeon
3. A prominent teacher of anatomy
4. A historian of medicine

Правильна відповідь

A physician specializing in gynaecology and midwifery

Пояснення

Трота (Трокта) - відома лікарка Салернської школи, автор текстів з жіночих хвороб та акушерства («Trotula»). Хірургія, анатомія та історія медицини не є її основним внеском; вона саме асоціюється з гінекологією та акушерством.

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