Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are unlimited identical copies of the same antibody that are produced artificially. They were first made in 1975 by two immunologists, Cesar Milstein from Argentina and Georges Kohler from Germany, and although research is ongoing, they have already proved useful in many areas of medicine. They make up a high proportion of drugs and diagnostic tests for cancers to identify blood types. Antibodies are proteins the body uses to target alien cells such as germs. There are millions of kinds, each matching a different alien protein (or antigen), and they latch on to their specific antigen either to neutralize it or to identify it as a target for the body's immune cells. Paul Ehrlich coined the term "antibodies" in 1891, and went on to describe how they interact with antigens like lock and key. By the 1960s, scientists knew they are made by white blood cells called B-cells, or B-lymphocytes, each primed with its own antibody. When triggered by its matching antigen, a B-cell clones itself, producing multiple copies of plasma cells, which release floods of antibodies. As plasma cells produce more than one kind of antibody, the process is described as "polyclonal". Milstein and Kohler's breakthrough was to create limitless copies of identical "monoclonal" antibodies using cells made in the lab called hybridomas. These are artificial fusions of plasma cells and myeloma cells (abnormal plasma cells that cause cancer) primed to produce the desired antibody. Plasma cells are short-lived, whereas myeloma cells reproduce indefinitely. By fusing them, Milstein and Kohler created an endlessly multiplying source of their chosen antibody. Milstein's original intention was to find a way to make pure antibodies for research. But he and Kohler quickly realized that mAbs might also be a "magic bullet", offering tailor-made antibodies to target any disease. Although monoclonal antibodies have not yet proved to be a magic cure-all, they are finding new uses all the time. They can even be used to detect biological weapons. In pregnancy tests, mAbs detect the hormone HCG, and in tissue typing, they help prevent a donor organ from being rejected by blocking the immune response. They can identify blood clots and rogue cells and are used in cancer treatment to carry drugs or radiation to targeted cells. Monoclonal antibodies are also used to fight autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, and new mAb drugs are in the pipeline for malaria, influenza, and HIV. In 2020, scientists found several mÅbs that appear to neutralize the COVID-19 virus in cell cultures. Who were the immunologists responsible for creating the first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)?

Питання КРОК 1 (медицина) · тест з варіантами та поясненням · Medus

EN: Who were the immunologists responsible for creating the first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)?

Варіанти відповідей

1. Cesar Milstein and Paul Ehrlich
2. Paul Ehrlich and Georges Kohler
3. Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler
4. Georges Kohler and Paul Ehrlich
5. Paul Ehrlich and Robert Edwards

Answer options (EN)

1. Cesar Milstein and Paul Ehrlich
2. Paul Ehrlich and Georges Kohler
3. Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler
4. Georges Kohler and Paul Ehrlich
5. Paul Ehrlich and Robert Edwards

Правильна відповідь

Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler

Пояснення

Перші моноклональні антитіла отримали Сезар Мільштейн та Георг Келер (гібридомна технологія, 1975). Пол Ерліх - піонер імунології та хіміотерапії; Роберт Едвардс - ЕКО. Правильна пара - Мільштейн і Келер.

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